Aug 19, 2026 | Library
France rewards its residents for backing young innovative companies through the IR-PME framework — the successor to the historic Madelin reduction — with rates that now depend on how innovative the target company is. The current structure, confirmed against official...
Aug 19, 2026 | Library
Before a UK early-stage opportunity can even be shown to most private individuals, UK law asks a question: who are you? The answer takes the form of an investor statement — a short self-certification that has existed since 2005 and was last adjusted in 2024. There are...
Aug 19, 2026 | Library
A recurring surprise for internationally mobile investors: nationality almost never decides what tax incentives you can use. Tax residency does. Every country in this series — the UK, France, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Estonia — structures its investment...
Aug 19, 2026 | Library
The United Kingdom runs two of the most established early-stage investment incentives in the world: the Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) and the Enterprise Investment Scheme (EIS). Both have been extended to April 2035, which gives the UK one of the most...
Jul 27, 2026 | Library
Across Europe, governments encourage people to back young companies with tax incentives. The United Kingdom offers SEIS and EIS. France, Spain, Belgium, Germany and Italy each have their own version. This library explains them, country by country. But tax relief is...
